Non-Cancerous Breast Conditions in Males

It may be comforting to know that not all breast cancer symptoms indicate the presence of cancer. Some non-cancerous breast conditions in males also result in symptoms similar to that of male breast cancer.

Gynecomastia is the enlargement of breast tissue in males and is the most common non-cancerous breast condition in males.

It can affect one or both breasts and is caused by an imbalance of hormones, typically an increase in estrogen relative to testosterone. Gynecomastia can occur at any age and is relatively common in newborns, adolescents during puberty, and older adults. However, in about 45% to 50% of gynecomastia cases in older adults, underlying conditions may be contributing factors to gynecomastia. This hormonal imbalance can also be caused by obesity and taking certain medications.

Unlike gynecomastia, pseudogynecomastia is characterized by an increase in breast size due to excess fat deposition rather than glandular tissue enlargement. It is often associated with obesity and can be improved through lifestyle changes, including weight loss and exercise.

Lipomas are benign tumors composed of fatty tissue. They can develop anywhere in the body, including the breast tissue in males. Lipomas are usually soft, movable, and painless lumps that do not pose any serious health risks. They grow slowly and are not cancerous. While they are generally harmless, they may be removed if they become bothersome or affect one's appearance.

Cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in the breast tissue. They are often round or oval-shaped and can be felt as lumps. Breast cysts may be tender or painful. While most breast cysts are benign, some may require evaluation or treatment, such as drainage, depending on their size and characteristics. Cysts are commonly diagnosed in female breasts but very uncommon in males.

Infections, such as mastitis, can occur in the breast tissue. They are more common in women but can also affect men. Mastitis is often associated with breastfeeding females but can develop in men due to bacterial infections.

Duct ectasia is a condition in which the milk ducts in the breast widen, and its walls thicken. This can cause the duct to be blocked, resulting in a build-up of fluid. It can cause nipple discharge (often thick and sticky), nipple inversion, breast pain, or inflammation. Although it is not cancerous nor does it increase your risk of getting male breast cancer, it can cause discomfort and may require treatment if symptoms persist. Ductal ectasia is most common in women but can also occur in men.

Fibroadenomas are benign tumors composed of glandular and fibrous tissue. They are typically firm, smooth, and movable lumps. Fibroadenomas are more common in females but can occasionally develop in males.

If you suspect any changes in your breast tissue, it's essential to consult a healthcare professional for a proper evaluation and diagnosis. Do not delay or assume it is inconsequential. A physical examination can be conducted, along with imaging tests such as mammograms or ultrasounds, and further steps can be recommended based on their findings. Taking proactive steps can lead to more favorable outcomes, and addressing any issues will undoubtedly put your mind at ease.